(2009年广东卷)已知曲线$C_n:x^2-2nx+y^2=0$($n=1,2,\cdots $).从点$P(-1,0)$向曲线$C_n$引斜率为$k_n$($k_n>0$)的切线$l_n$,切点为$P_n(x_n,y_n)$.
(1) 求数列$\{x_n\}$与$\{y_n\}$的通项公式;
(2) 证明:$x_1\cdot x_3\cdot x_5\cdots x_{2n-1}<\sqrt{\dfrac{1-x_n}{1+x_n}}<\sqrt 2\sin\dfrac{x_n}{y_n}$.
分析与解 (1) 根据题意,曲线$C_n$即$(x-n)^2+y^2=n^2$,表示以$(n,0)$为圆心,$n$为半径的圆.点$P(-1,0)$对应的切点弦方程为$$(-1-n)(x-n)=n^2,$$不难求出$$\begin{cases} x_n=\dfrac{n}{n+1},\\ y_n=\dfrac{n}{n+1}\cdot \sqrt{2n+1},\end{cases} $$其中$n\in\mathcal N^*$.
(2) 根据第(1)小题的结果,欲证明的不等式即$$\dfrac 12\cdot \dfrac 34\cdot\dfrac 56\cdots \dfrac{2n-1}{2n}<\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{2n+1}}<\sqrt 2 \sin\dfrac{1}{\sqrt {2n+1}}.$$
左边不等式 由于$$\dfrac 12\cdot \dfrac 34\cdot \dfrac 56\cdots \dfrac{2n-1}{2n}<\dfrac 23\cdot\dfrac 45\cdot\dfrac 67\cdots \dfrac{2n}{2n+1},$$于是$$\left(\dfrac 12\cdot \dfrac 34\cdot \dfrac 56\cdots \dfrac{2n-1}{2n}\right)^2<\dfrac 12\cdot \dfrac 23\cdot \dfrac 34\cdot \dfrac 45\cdot \dfrac 56\cdot \dfrac 67\cdots \dfrac{2n-1}{2n}\cdot \dfrac{2n}{2n+1}=\dfrac{1}{2n+1},$$左边不等式得证.
右边不等式 考虑函数$\varphi(x)=\sqrt 2\sin x-x$,则其导函数$$\varphi'(x)=\sqrt 2\cos x-1,$$于是函数$\varphi(x)$在$\left(0,\dfrac{\pi}4\right)$上单调递增,而$$0<\dfrac 1{\sqrt{2n+1}}\leqslant \dfrac{1}{\sqrt 3}<\dfrac{\pi}4,n\in\mathcal N^*,$$于是有$$\varphi\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}\right)>\varphi(0)=0,$$右边不等式得证.
综上所述,原命题得证.